Project Number
WW 02-21
Project title
The effect to two cover crop management practices applied to cover crops, selected for their potential to bio-fumigate the soil, on the nematode and weed population, as well as grapevine performance and soil quality
Project leader
Fourie, J C
Institution
ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij
Team members
Mulidizi, A R
Fourie, J C
Du Plessis, K
Addison, P
Malan, A
Hugo, H
Maboeta, M
Halleen , F
Kruger, N
De Vos, R
Osche, C H
Completion date:
2015
Project description
Alternatives for the chemical control of soil-borne pathogens (bio-fumigation). In this study the ability of species (selected for bio-fumigation) to control nematodes and weeds, as well as their effect on biological activity, soil pathogen status and microbial population of the soil was determined.
The soil was analysed chemically and the cover crop performance and weed control estimated. The soil nematode status and soil biological activity, as well as the microbial and pathogen status of the soil was determined. Grapevine performance was also monitored throughout the study.
Annual application of phosphate (P) lead to elevated levels in the 0-150 mm soil layer. Brassica juncea cv. Caliente199 (Caliente) and Eruca sativa cv. Nemat (Nemat) should be controlled chemically (CC) and not mechanically (MC) just before budbreak to maximize organic carbon (C). Avena sativa cv. Pallinup (oats), Sinapis alba cv. Braco (white mustard) and Brassica napus cv. AVJade (canola) increased the organic matter in the 150-300 mm soil layer.
The cover crops suppressed the winter growing weeds effectively after five seasons, with immediate control being achieved with oats and Caliente. Total suppression of Lolium species (ryegrass) was achieved with oats (CC) and Nemat (CC) after three years. A grass-spesific herbicide applied end of May 2012, terminated the dominance of ryegrass and facilitated the dominance of Erodium moschatum (musk heron’s bill). Sowing the cover crops on 23 May 2013, prevented ryegrass from regaining its dominance. After five winters, ryegrass was totally eradicated from the oats treatments, white mustard (CC) and Nemat (CC). CC improved the control of summer growing weeds. Musk heron’s bill was totally suppressed in all treatments during berry set within two seasons and ryegrass in all the CC treatments by 2011. This probably facilitated the dominance of Digitaria sanguinalis (crab fingergrass). Rynchelytrum repens (Natal red-top) lost its pre-treatment dominance during post-harvest within one season. The relatively low summer rainfall during 2010/11 resulted in the disappearance of Cynodon dactylon (common couch) and Polygonum aviculare (prostrate knotweed). The relatively high summer rainfall during the following seasons, probably allowed these two perennials to recover. MC seemed to promote crab fingergrass, common couch and prostrate knotweed during late summer. The bio-assay indicated that Nemat can help to suppress M. javanica, while canola caused a decline in the C. xenoplax population. During winter, the ring nematode increase observed Nemat, Caliente and oats was less than that of the weeds growing in this region. The most effective ring nematode suppression was achieved with canola (MC), white mustard (MC) and oats (CC). However, the drastic increase in the ring nematode population during summer and early autumn necessitate a follow-up treatment with a nematicide. The cover crops did not affect the pathogen status, biological activity and microbial status in the soil or grapevine performance. However, the shoot mass and grape yield was higher where CC was applied compared to MC.
Oats, canola, Nemat and Caliente 199 should be used in cover crop rotations and controlled chemically from bud break to suppress problem weeds and ring nematodes.
Poster(s)
Du Toit, A, Slabbert, E, Jacobs, K, Fourie, J C and Du Plessis, K. 2012. The effect of cover crops, selected for their potential to bio-fumigate the soil managed according to two cover crop management practices on the occurrence of soil-borne pathogens in grapevine roots. Poster presented at the 34th National Congress of the South African Society for Enology and Viticulture, 14-16 November, Somerset West, South Africa
Presentation(s)
Kruger, N, Fourie, J C and Malan, A. 2011. The role of different cover crops in the suppression of plant parasitic nematodes in South African vineyards: Focus on bio-fumigation potential. Paper presented at the 20th Symposium of the Nematological Society of Southern Africa. 16-18 May, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Kruger, D, Fourie, J C and Malan, A. 2011. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards. Paper presented at the 4th International Biofumigation and Biopesticides Symposium. 18-21 October, Saskatoon, Canada.
Fourie, J C. 2011. Sustainable cover crop management. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day. 13 September, Malmesbury, South Africa.
Fourie, J C. 2011. Weed control and restriction of weed resistance. Presentation at the Landini Elsenburg Farmer’s Day. 21 July, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Fourie, J C. 2012. Effect of cover crops on the nematode and weed population in a Shiraz/101-14 vineyard established on a sandy soil near Stellenbosch. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day. 20 April, Paarl, South Africa.
Kruger, N, Fourie, J C and Malan, A P. 2012. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards. Paper presented at the 34th National Congress of the South African Society for Enology and Viticulture. 14-16 November, Somerset West, South Africa.
Fourie, J C. 2013. The role of cover crops and weed control. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day. 25 January, Paarl, South Africa.
Fourie, J C. 2013. The effect of cover crops on the soil, weed control and the performance of perennial crops. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day. 13 February, Hermanus, South Africa.
Fourie, J C. 2013. Cover crop management for sustainable grape production. Presentation at the Terrason Cover Crop Information Day, Worcester, South Africa, 10 April
Fourie, J C. 2013. Cover crop management for sustainable grape production. Presentation at the Bonnievale Agricultural Union Meeting, Bonnievale, South Africa, 17 April
Kruger, N, Fourie, J C and Malan, A P. 2013. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day, Paarl, South Africa, 18 April
Kruger, N, Fourie, J C and Malan, A P. 2013. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day, Malmesbury, South Africa, 8 May
Kruger, N, Fourie, J C and Malan, A P. 2013. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day, Montagu, South Africa, 14 May
Kruger, N, Fourie, J C and Malan, A P. 2013. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day, Klawer, South Africa, 22 May
Kruger, N, Fourie, J C and Malan, A P. 2013. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards. Presentation at the Winetech VinPro Information Day, Vredendal, South Africa, Lutzville, 23 May
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2013. The biofumigation concept and preliminary results of MSc study: The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards. Presentation at the Vinpro Winetech Information Day. 8 May, Malmesbury, South Africa.
Article
Kruger, N, Fourie, J, Malan, A P. 2011. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards, South African Journal of Plant and Soil, v. 28 (4) (p. 261-262)
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2012. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards, IN: Proceedings of the 34th South African Society for Enology and Viticulture. November 2012,
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2013. Cover crops with biofumigation properties for the suppression of plant parasitic nematodes: A review, South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, v. 34 (2) (p. 287-295)
Article.pdf
Kruger, D, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2014. Potensiaal van dekgewasse om plant parasitiese nematodes te onderdruk in wingerde, WineLand, Mnth Aug (p. 90-94)
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2014. An overview of the potential of cover crops to suppress plant-parasitic nematodes in grapevine, Wineland, Mnth August (p. 90-94)
Fourie, J C, Kruger, D H M, Malan, A P. 2015. Effect of management practices applied to cover crops with bio-fumigation properties on cover crop performance and weed control in a vineyard. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture. v. 36 (1) (p. 146-153)
Article.pdf
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2015. The effect of cover crops and the management thereof on plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards, South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, v. 36 (2) (p. 195-209)
Article.pdf
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C,, Malan, A P. 2015. Control potential of Brassicaceae cover crops as green manure and their host status for Meloidogyne javanica and Criconemoides xenoplax. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture. v. 36 (1) (p. 165-174)
Article.pdf
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2015. Biofumigation potential of Brassicaceae as a green manure and their host status for root-knot and ring nematode under controlled conditions. Wineland. Mnth June (p. 77-80)
Article.pdf
Fourie, J C, Kruger, D H M, Malan, A P. 2016. The performance of cover crops with biofumigation properties in a drip-irrigated vineyard near Stellenbosch, Wineland, Mnth February (p. 62-65)
http://www.wineland.co.za/performance-of-cover-crops-with-biofumigation-properties-in-drip-irrigated-vineyard/
Paper
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2011. The role of different cover crops in the suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes in South African vineyard: Focus on bio-fumigation potential, IN: 20th Symposium of the Nematological Society of Southern Africa. May 2011,
Kruger, D M H, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2011. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards, IN: Proceedings of the Biofumigation and Biopesticide Symposium. October 2011,
Du Toit, A, Slabbert, E, Jacobs, K, Fourie, J C, Du Plessis, K. 2012. Microbial diversity in vineyards under different soil management practices, IN: Proceedings of the 34th South African Society for Enology and Viticulture. November 2012,
Fourie, J C, Sassman, L W, Freitag, K. 2012. The effects of two cover crop management practices applied to cover crops selected for their bio-fumigation potential on winter growing weed stand and spectrum, IN: Proceedings of the 34th South African Society for Enology and Viticulture. November 2012,
Halleen, F, Fourie, J C. 2012. The effect of cover crops, selected for their potential to bio-fumigate the soil, managed according to two cover crop management practices, on the occurrence of soil-borne pathogens in grapevine roots, Proceedings of the 34th South African Society for Enology and Viticulture Congress. November 2012,
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2012. The role of cover crops in suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards, IN: Proceedings of the 34th South African Society for Enology and Viticulture. November 2012,
Fourie, J C, Sassman L W, Freitag, K. 2013. Effect of cover crops with bio-fumigation potential, and the management thereof, on the nematode and weed population, as well as grapevine performance and soil quality, In: Proceedings of the 35th South African Society for Enology and Viticulture. November 2013,
Fourie, J C, Sassman, L W, Freitag, K. 2014. Effect of management practices applied to cover crops selected for bio-fumigation on winter growing weeds, IN: Proceedings of the Combined Congress, Southern African Weed Science Society. January 2014,
Kruger, D H M, Fourie, J C, Malan, A P. 2014. The role of cover crops with biofumigation potential for the suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards, IN: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Biofumigation. September 2014,
Kunjeku, E C, Fourie, J C. 2014. Preliminary evaluation of effectiveness of Brassica species as cover crops in vineyards in Stellenbosch, South Africa, IN: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Biofumigation. September 2014,
Thesis
Nyamanda, V R. 2013. Seasonal variation in weed species diversity and dry matter production in cover crops managed by mechanical cultivation in vineyards. BSc (Hons). Thohoyando, South Africa: University of Venda.
Kruger, D. 2013. The role of cover crops with biofumigation potential for the suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards. MSc. University of Stellenbosh, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/85702
Mashamba, D. 2013. Comparison of winter and summer weed species diversity and dry matter production in annual cover crops managed by herbicides in vineyards. BSc (Hons). Thohoyando, South Africa: University of Venda.